

SecurityWeek
Exploitation of Critical ownCloud Vulnerability Begins
Threat actors have started exploiting a critical ownCloud vulnerability leading to sensitive information disclosure.
SecurityWeek
Threat actors have started exploiting a critical ownCloud vulnerability leading to sensitive information disclosure.
SecurityWeek
A critical issue in open source AI framework Ray could provide attackers with operating system access to all nodes.
Infosecurity News
Affiliate deployed LockerGoga, MegaCortex, Hive and Dharma
Cyber Security News
New security flaws in AI systems must be taken into account in addition to the usual cyber security risks,security is frequently neglected.
SecurityWeek
New guidance from US and UK cybersecurity agencies provides recommendations for secure AI system development.
SecurityWeek
UK and Korea say DPRK state-sponsored hackers targeted governments, defense organizations via supply chain attacks.
Infosecurity News
Decentralized exchange offers $5m bounty
Infosecurity News
NCSC and CISA effort endorsed by 18 countries
Security Affairs
The cyber attack that hit the managed service provider (MSP) CTS potentially impacted hundreds in the United Kingdom.
CyberSecurity Dive
Which security conferences are teams prioritizing in 2024? A new report reveals the 7 most popular events in the cybersecurity calendar.
Security Affairs
A new round of the weekly SecurityAffairs newsletter arrived! Every week the best security articles from Security Affairs are free for you.
Security Affairs
UK and South Korea agencies warn that North Korea-linked APT Lazarus is using a MagicLine4NX zero-day flaw in a supply-chain attack.
Bleeping Computer
A joint advisory by the National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) and Korea's National Intelligence Service (NIS) discloses a supply-chain attack executed by North Korean hackers involving the MagicLineThe National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) and Korea's National Intelligence Service (NIS) warn that the North Korean Lazarus hacking grou
Bleeping Computer
A cyberattack on CTS, a leading managed service provider (MSP) for law firms and other organizations in the UK legal sector, is behind a major outage impacting numerous law firms and home buyers in the country since Wednesday.
Infosecurity News
A legal sector specialist infrastructure service provider has experienced a service outage that is impacting up to 200 conveyancing firms across the UK
Infosecurity News
Global brands impersonated to capitalize on busy shopping period
The Record
The managed service provider CTS confirmed it had experienced a "cyber-incident." At least one report said the CitrixBleed bug was involved.
The Record
Vanderbilt University Medical Center said it is investigating a cybersecurity incident that led to the compromise of a database.
The Record
A decade after its founding, the internet freedom organization Roskomsvoboda finds itself adjusting to harsh political and social realities within Russia, where a wartime regime continues to expand its authority over the internet.
Infosecurity News
The UK’s NCSC and South Korea’s NIS issued a joint advisory describing some of North Korean hackers’ tactics in deploying supply chain attacks
Infosecurity News
University of Manchester CISO Heather Lowrie shared how the institution tackled a major data breach earlier in 2023
CyberNews
Same pay, longer weekends? That could be a reality as soon as 2033 – at least for those working in the more affluent areas of the US and the UK.
Infosecurity News
Ethical hackers could win cash prizes of up to $20,000
Infosecurity News
New unit will scour the internet for evidence
Infosecurity News
Microsoft highlighted a shift in tactics, with attackers directly sharing malicious APK files
SecurityWeek
The Tor network has removed many relays associated with a cryptocurrency scheme, citing risk to integrity and users.
CSO
The number of companies impacted by one of the biggest cyberattack incidents of the year continues to grow.
The Record
Top websites in the United Kingdom have 30 days to comply with the country’s privacy laws or they will “face the consequences,” the Information Commissioner's Office said.
CyberNews
The British Library confirms data has been leaked as it struggles to recover from a November 6 ransomware attack claimed by the e Rhysida ransom gang.
Bleeping Computer
The Rhysida ransomware gang has claimed responsibility for a cyberattack on the British Library in October, which has caused a major ongoing IT outage.
CyberNews
The Information Commissioner's Office has appealed a tribunal decision to overturn a fine levied against it over data privacy.
DarkReading
For several years operators at New Delhi-based Appin hacked into, spied on, and stole data from targets around the world for clients that included private investigators, government agencies, law enforcement, and others.
Bleeping Computer
The British Library confirmed that a ransomware attack is behind a major outage that is still affecting services across several locations.
SecurityWeek
A Key GOP lawmaker has called for the renewal of surveillance tool as he proposes changes to protect privacy
The Record
The latest data released by the Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) includes an attack that breached data on the sex lives of up to 10,000 people, from an unspecific government department.
The Record
The Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) said it agreed with some aspects of a ruling from October, but ultimately wants to clarify whether Clearview AI can characterize certain activities as working with "law enforcement."
The Record
In a recent campaign, the hacking group tracked as UAC-0050 attempted to spread the Remcos remote access tool, according to research by Ukraine's computer emergencies response team (CERT-UA).
Security Affairs
Samsung Electronics disclosed a data breach that exposed customer personal information to an unauthorized individual.
Infosecurity News
WithSecure report highlights widespread code reuse
CyberNews
Hive lost its aura in January 2023, when the FBI and other law enforcement agencies in Germany penetrated Hive’s computer network.
Infosecurity News
Fraudsters operated from Ukrainian call centers
CyberNews
Samsung Electronics, a South Korean multinational tech corporation, has notified some of its customers of a data breach that exposed their personal data to a hacker.
Bleeping Computer
Samsung Electronics is notifying some of its customers of a data breach that exposed their personal information to an unauthorized individual.
Bleeping Computer
Samsung Electronics is notifying some of its customers of a data breach that exposed their personal information to an unauthorized individual.
Bleeping Computer
The Toronto Public Library (TPL) confirmed that the personal information of employees, customers, volunteers, and donors was stolen from a compromised file server during an October ransomware attack.
SecurityWeek
The rise of AI-powered disinformation presents an immense challenge to society’s ability to discern fact from fiction.
Infosecurity News
Consumers urged to think before they buy connected technology
The Record
The elite U.K. hacking unit eventually will be more integrated into police operations, alongside military and intelligence ones, according to Gen. Sir Jim Hockenhull, the chief of Strategic Command.
Ars Technica
AI models may soon enable more accurate forecasts with higher speed and lower cost.
SecurityWeek
Britain’s cybersecurity agency said artificial intelligence and "deepfakes" pose a threat to the country’s next national election
Infosecurity News
Critical infrastructure providers under pressure from state-backed groups
The Record
The National Cyber Security Centre said that it received 2,005 voluntary reports over the past year, a 64% increase on last year’s figures. Nearly 400 of those were so serious that the agency's incident management team had to triage the response.
The Record
The leading cybersecurity agencies in the U.S. released startling new data on the Royal ransomware gang on Monday, confirming previous reports that the gang may be preparing for a rebrand.
DarkReading
Hunters International appears to have acquired Hive ransomware from its original operators and may be seeking to cash in on the malware's reputation.
Infosecurity News
Port operator struggles to recover from serious incident
Bleeping Computer
The LockBit ransomware gang published data stolen from Boeing, one of the largest aerospace companies that services commercial airplanes and defense systems.
Cyber Security News
Best Google Alternatives: 1. DuckDuckGo 2. Search Encrypt 3. Qwant 4. Startpage 5. Mojeek 6. Bing 7. Gibiru 8. Ask 9. SearX 10. Yahoo!
Infosecurity News
Privacy International warns UK is “sleepwalking into public mass surveillance”
Infosecurity News
NCSC warns of AI-generated scams in run-up to Christmas
CyberNews
Advanced bargain-stealing bots make up more than half of automated retail traffic, says cybersecurity analyst Imperva.
CSO
Businesses leaders admit their company needs to improve security and compliance measures as demands of customers, investors, and suppliers increase.
The Record
Legislation that would have, in the government’s own words, “better protected” essential services in the country — including in the water, energy and transport sectors — is now unlikely to be introduced to Parliament until 2025, and probably won’t take effect until 2026 at the earliest.
Infosecurity News
Many say it led to a subsequent data breach
Infosecurity News
NCSC wants to ease transition to quantum safety
Latest Hacking News
The Government of Canada officially bans using WeChat and Kaspersky apps on government devices, citing privacy risks. Users can no longer download the apps on government-issued mobile devices. Canada Bans Kaspersky And WeChat According to a recent
CSO
More than half of security leaders surveyed didn’t understand the security risks associated with shifting to the cloud.
CSO
The UK National Cyber Security Centre has refreshed its guidance to help system and risk owners plan their migration to post-quantum cryptography (PQC).
Infosecurity News
The UK Frontier AI Taskforce is evolving to become the UK AI Safety Institute
The Record
The National Cyber Security Centre says that more than just mathematics will be necessary to meet the threat that quantum computers pose to traditional public-key cryptography.
The Record
Natalie Mottram, 25, was arrested in June and now begins a prison sentence of more than three years for misconduct in public office, perverting the course of justice and unauthorized access to computer material.
Bleeping Computer
Aerospace giant Boeing is investigating a cyberattack that impacted its parts and distribution business after the LockBit ransomware gang claimed that they breached the company's network and stole data.
CSO
CRI members affirm the importance of strong and aligned messaging discouraging paying ransomware demands.
Infosecurity News
Jenny Radcliffe talks to Infosecurity about the changing nature of social engineering scams and the threats posed by AI
Infosecurity News
Industry wants government to set up a new taskforce
Ars Technica
"Bletchley Declaration" sums up first day of UK's international AI Safety Summit.
SecurityWeek
The AI Safety Summit focused on cutting-edge “frontier” AI that some scientists warn could pose a risk to humanity’s very existence.
CSO
Leading AI nations have reached a world-first agreement at Bletchley Park establishing a shared understanding of the opportunities and risks posed by artificial intelligence.
Infosecurity News
The 28 signatories of the Bletchley Declaration agreed on an international network of scientific research on ‘frontier AI’ safety
Infosecurity News
Regulator highlights major data handling errors
Bleeping Computer
The British Library has been hit by a major IT outage affecting its website and many of its services following a "cyber incident" that impacted its systems on Saturday, October 28.
CSO
A new study suggests cybersecurity skills gaps can be worse than total workforce shortages.
Infosecurity News
Warns of inconsistent outcomes for customers who report fraud
Infosecurity News
ISC2’s CEO says the c-suite appears to be more concerned with economic risk than cyber risk
Computerworld
With the first global AI Safety Summit beginning in the UK on Nov. 1, questions remain over whether the event will facilitate a meaningful outcome and if there will ever be a global consensus on AI regulation.
Computerworld
The White House today issued a long-awaited executive order that hammers out clear rules and oversight measures to ensure artificial intelligence is kept in check, while also providing paths for it to grow.
Ars Technica
Order details US admin's approach to AI safety, media authenticity, job loss, and more.
Infosecurity News
The order is designed to help ensure Ai systems are safe, secure and trustworthy
SecurityWeek
Are whistleblowers a danger to corporate brand image, and an insider threat? Or can they be used to strengthen cybersecurity and compliance?
Infosecurity News
Fraser Sampson says UK police have three million photos of innocent people
Bleeping Computer
A new ransomware-as-a-service brand named Hunters International has emerged using code used by the Hive ransomware operation, leading to the valid assumption that the old gang has resumed activity under a different flag.
SecurityWeek
Noteworthy stories that might have slipped under the radar: Ex-NSA employee spying for Russia, EU threat landscape, cyber education funding
Infosecurity News
Local authorities urged to sign up today
Cyber Security News
One of them is the fake Chrome update malware, which has been around for several years and is still active.
Infosecurity News
93% of professionals express concerns about their company’s C-suite ambitions for generative AI
CSO
AI Safety Institute will examine, evaluate, and test new types of artificial intelligence
Infosecurity News
Critical infrastructure providers will come under the spotlight
Infosecurity News
Generative AI poses a high risk of misinformation and disinformation, according to ISACA survey, with 77% of professionals saying it is the top concern
The Record
The British government’s plans to remove safeguards around biometrics and public space surveillance were described on Thursday as “shocking” and “tantamount to vandalism” by an outgoing commissioner.
CSO
Submarine cable damage, natural disasters and cyberattacks triggered third quarter internet outages worldwide, according to a report from Cloudflare.
CSO
Business leaders appear to have lost control over the deployment of generative AI despite just 28% of organizations expressly permitting its use.
Bleeping Computer
Ransomware incidents continue to grow at an alarming pace, targeting the enterprise and governments worldwide. Learn more from Specops Software on how ransomware gangs gain initial access to networks and how to protect against attacks.
Infosecurity News
APP fraud remains a major challenge for UK banking sector
CSO
CVE-2023-20198 and CVE-2023-20273 affect Cisco IOS XE software if the web UI feature is enabled.
Bleeping Computer
The team behind the Matrix open standard and real-time communication protocol has announced the release of its second major version, bringing end-to-end encryption to group VoIP, faster loading times, and more.
Bleeping Computer
As thousands of civilians die amid the deadly Israel-Hamas war, scammers are capitalizing on the horrific events to collect donations by pretending to be legitimate charities. BleepingComputer has come across several posts on X (formerly Twitter), Telegram and Instagram where scammers list dubious cryptocurrency wallet addresses.
The Record
Alvaro Bedoya, a commissioner at the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), is known for his expertise in digital privacy — a skill which is serving him well now, as the commission works to better understand the effects of social media, particularly on children.
Bleeping Computer
This was a bad week for ransomware, with the Trigona ransomware suffering a data breach and law enforcement disrupting the RagnarLocker ransomware operation.
DarkReading
Vietnamese cybercrime groups are using multiple different MaaS infostealers and RATs to target the digital marketing sector.
SecurityWeek
Summary of notable cybersecurity news stories that may be top headlines, but are important for the week of October 16, 2023.
Infosecurity News
WithSecure has found strong indicators that DarkGate attacks are being perpetrated by attackers also using the Ducktail infostealer
Bleeping Computer
India's Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) raided 76 locations in a nationwide crackdown on cybercrime operations behind tech support scams and cryptocurrency fraud.
Infosecurity News
Authorities believe the E-Root marketplace listed more than 350,000 computer credentials for sale
DarkReading
The sensitive nature of medical records, combined with providers' focus on patient care, make small doctor's offices ideal targets for cyber extortion.
Infosecurity News
The Five Eyes intelligence agencies want start-ups dealing with cutting-edge technology to bolster their protections against nation-state threats
The Record
A U.K. tribunal determined that facial recognition company Clearview AI's activities were 'beyond the material scope' of Europe's General Data Protection Regulation.
The Record
EDF failed to “meet its commitment to provide us with a comprehensive and fully resourced cyber security improvement plan,” according to the U.K. chief nuclear inspector’s annual report.
The Record
Hackers have targeted more than a dozen oil, gas and defense firms in Eastern Europe with an updated version of a malware framework previously linked to North Korean threat actors.
Infosecurity News
FIDO Alliance’s Online Authentication Barometer showed that AI-powered phishing is prompting users to switch passwords for MFA
Infosecurity News
A new survey found that three-quarters of organizations in the UK are yet to address the five key requirements for compliance
SecurityWeek
UK’s financial watchdog FCA imposes a £11 million (approximately $13.5 million) fine to Equifax over the 2017 data breach.
The Record
Tim Neal-Hopes, an Air Vice-Marshal in the Royal Air Force, was announced as the new commander of the United Kingdom’s National Cyber Force (NCF) on Monday.
The Record
Colonial Pipeline said there has been no disruption to pipeline operations or their systems after a ransomware gang made several threats on Friday afternoon.
Infosecurity News
The UK FCA held Equifax Ltd responsible for failing to protect UK consumer data held by its US-based parent company
The Record
The UK arm of credit reporting firm Equifax was fined £11,164,400 (about $13.6 million) on Friday by a British regulator for allowing hackers to access personal information of millions of people in 2017.
DarkReading
Scammers have targeted the vaunted blue check marks on the platform formerly known as Twitter, smearing individuals and brands alike.
ZDNet
Most organizations have paid up in a ransomware attack, with more than half shelling out over $100,000, and most see generative AI offering malicious hackers more ways to launch attacks, according to a recent survey.
Infosecurity News
A new survey from accounting software provider Sage showed that most SMEs have developed a cybersecurity posture but struggle to keep up with the threats
Infosecurity News
Workload is biggest concern for industry professionals
Infosecurity News
Trend is more pronounced in Europe than America
SecurityWeek
UK-based cable manufacturing giant Volex has been targeted in a cyberattack that involved unauthorized access to IT systems and data.
The Record
Private sector analysts said an audio clip of Labour Party leader Keir Starmer was likely a deepfake. British government officials urged the public to ignore it.
Computerworld
The US Department of Homeland Security reports that multiple US government agencies illegally used smartphone location data, breaching privacy regulations as they did.
The Record
The British data privacy authority on Friday announced a preliminary enforcement notice against the American camera and social media company Snap Inc. for potentially failing to adequately assess the privacy threat posed by “My AI,” a generative AI chatbot embedded in its app.
The Record
Researchers at EclecticIQ attributed the campaign to a China-based group known as Budworm or APT27. The hacking campaign involved lures citing a major Taiwan microchip manufacturer.
The Record
Filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission reveal the cost of a recent cyberattack that disrupted operations at MGM's Las Vegas casinos.
DarkReading
A literal seven-nation (cyber) army wasn't enough to hold back the famous initial access broker (IAB) for long — it's been chugging along, spreading ransomware, despite a massive takedown in August.
CSO
Bulk Gmail and Yahoo Mail email senders will be required to strongly authenticate their emails following well-established best practices such as DMARC, SPF, and DKIM.
SecurityWeek
ICRC is telling hacktivists involved in conflict during war to avoid targeting civilian objectives, or making threats of violence
SecurityWeek
International mobile network operator Lyca Mobile says a cyberattack has significantly disrupted its services in many countries.
DarkReading
Russian hacktivist attacks are mostly for show, but sometimes they cause serious damage and are poised to begin getting worse.
Infosecurity News
The open letter, signed by 50 leading cybersecurity figures, urges the EU to reconsider its proposals around vulnerability disclosure requirements
The Hacker News
For businesses, API breaches spell disaster. Find out how inadequate security measures can lead to financial losses and customer data leaks.
Infosecurity News
Government funding will help more sixth-form students get into cyber
SecurityWeek
Motel One says customer addresses and credit card information were compromised in a recent ransomware attack.
SecurityWeek
Twenty-eight cybersecurity-related merger and acquisition (M&A) deals were announced in September 2023, fewer than last month
Infosecurity News
Privacy regulator warns employees to stay within the law
The Record
The United Kingdom's crime and policing minister, Chris Philp, says the government is putting technology in place to take advantage of existing legal authorities to access the passport database.
DarkReading
The royal takedown was a brief but effective PR stunt for Russia's most notorious hacktivist group.
Bleeping Computer
The Motel One Group has announced that it has been targeted by ransomware actors who managed to steal some customer data, including the details of 150 credit cards.
SecurityWeek
The number of internet-exposed ICS has dropped below 100,000, a significant decrease from the 140,000 in 2019.
Infosecurity News
Russian Killnet group suspected of a DDoS attach that took the Royal.uk offline for 90 minutes
Infosecurity News
Joint meeting brings together eight like-minded countries
CSO
The Information Commissioner’s Office says alternative approaches should be used to publish freedom of information data to mitigate risks to personal information
Infosecurity News
UK ICO issues call after damaging police leak
DarkReading
How the UK is assisting other nations in forming their own versions of a National Centre for Cybersecurity (NCSC).
CSO
The UK Information Commissioner’s Office has reprimanded seven organizations in the past 14 months for data breaches affecting victims of domestic abuse.
Infosecurity News
BlackTech group blamed for cyber-espionage operation
Infosecurity News
Kettering-based KNP Logistics Group was hit in June
Infosecurity News
According to Resecurity, Ransomed.vc is demanding a ransom of over $1m from NTT Docomo
Bleeping Computer
A joint cybersecurity advisory by the FBI, NSA, CISA, and the Japanese NISC (cybersecurity) and NPA (police) sheds light on the techniques the Chinese threat actors known as BlackTech use to attack Japanese and U.S. organizations.
Infosecurity News
ICO says handling of domestic abuse victims’ data must improve
Infosecurity News
Region also experiences most DDoS events
Infosecurity News
UK security agency opens scheme to certify assured providers
Infosecurity News
Almost half of organizations have failed to report cyber-attacks to the appropriate authorities in 2023
The Hacker News
Wondering which cybersecurity compliance standard is right for your business? Explore GDPR, SOC 2, and ISO 27001 to see which aligns best with your ne
SecurityWeek
CISO churn is a threat, as security initiatives can take longer than the residency of a CISO, and constant churn can leave gaps in security.
Infosecurity News
Financial services targeted remorselessly over past year
The Record
KNP Logistics was listed earlier this year by the Akira ransomware group.
CSO
Solution uses the advanced encryption standard algorithm to encrypt sensitive data throughout the generative AI pipeline.
Ars Technica
Getty will indemnify customers against lawsuits and pay artists on "recurring basis."
The Record
Lt. Gen. Tom Copinger-Symes speaks with The Record about the U.K.'s new National Cyber Force (NCF) and his outlook for conducting offensive cyber operations outside of Britain.
The Record
Mixin, which runs a decentralized network for transferring cryptocurrency and other digital assets, said the breach happened through a cloud service provider.
DarkReading
The newly emerged ransomware actively targets both Windows and Linux systems with a double-extortion approach.
Infosecurity News
NCSC hopes research will inform future standards
The Record
Attorney General Letitia James and Marymount Manhattan College announced the agreement, which is part of the response to a 2021 incident.
Infosecurity News
The agreement, which represents an extension to the EU-US Data Privacy Framework, will enable the free flow of personal data between the UK and US
Infosecurity News
The Trend Micro report observed that small organizations are being increasingly targeted by ransomware gangs, including LockBit and BlackCat
Infosecurity News
Netacea warns of growing threat from malicious automation
Cyber Security News
Magento Security Checklist : 1. Update to the Latest Version 2. Ensure a Strong Password 3. Limit Magento Admin Login Attempts 4. Switch 2FA.
The Record
The three countries completed their latest training session with Ukrainian law enforcement officers in an effort to help them trace cryptocurrency and blockchain transactions.
The Record
The U.K. has disbanded the Centre for Data Ethics and Innovation's (CDEI) advisory board as the government switches focus to a Frontier AI Taskforce prompted in part by the rise of ChatGPT.
Bleeping Computer
The P2PInfect botnet worm is going through a period of highly elevated activity volumes starting in late August and then picking up again in September 2023.
Computerworld
The Online Safety bill, now passed by Parliament, has stirred criticism regarding provisions that will require tech companies to monitor encrypted messages.
CSO
Despite widespread criticism and scrutiny, the UK government is within touching distance of delivering its controversial new internet safety rules.
SecurityWeek
A federal judge has halted implementation of a California data collection law intended to protect the privacy of minors.
Infosecurity News
One in 10 have suffered from fraud in past 12 months
SecurityWeek
Britain's interior minister warned Meta that out end-to-end encryption on its platforms must "not to come at a cost to our children's safety"
SecurityWeek
SecurityWeek interviews Casey Ellis, founder, chairman and CTO at Bugcrowd, best known for operating bug bounty programs for organizations.
SecurityWeek
A dozen cybersecurity-related merger and acquisition M&A deals were announced in the first half of September 2023.
The Record
Parliament has finished its work on the Online Safety Bill, ending a legislative saga that focused the U.K.'s attention on how far the government should go to control certain online behaviors.
The Record
The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) on Tuesday said it wasn’t culpable for the leak of sensitive plans for gaming platform Xbox that were recently exposed in legal filings.
Ars Technica
SprySOCKS borrows from open source Windows malware and adds new tricks.
SecurityWeek
OpenTitan is a project aimed at bringing the success of open source software to the silicon design space – specifically a silicon-level root of trust
SecurityWeek
European regulators slapped TikTok with $368 million fine for failing to protect children’s privacy and breaching strict data privacy rules.
Cyber Security News
Caesars Entertainment Inc. has reportedly paid a substantial sum to hackers who infiltrated the company's systems and threatened to release sensitive data.
Infosecurity News
Officers working undercover or in sensitive roles like intelligence could be exposed
Bleeping Computer
United Kingdom's Greater Manchester Police (GMP) said earlier today that some of its employees' personal information was impacted by a ransomware attack that hit a third-party supplier.
Ars Technica
Slot machines and hotel room key cards stopped working at MGM casinos on the Strip.
The Record
Greater Manchester Police (GMP) said that neither financial information nor home addresses were exposed in the incident, but there is concern about organized crime groups acquiring personal details about officers.
Infosecurity News
The parliamentary inquiry heard there are “particular shortages” of cybersecurity experts in the civil service, with pay restraints a major factor